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A Survey of Department of Energy–Sponsored Geophysical Research for Shallow Waste Site Characterization

Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID 83415

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Basic research feeds the decision-making process for the protection of groundwater supplies.

View larger version (41K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Ground-penetrating radar antennas (left) used to acquire field data and numerical simulations (right) of a back-shielded bowtie antenna for an assumed normalized Gaussian driving function and particular earth parameters (photos courtesy of D.L. Wright, USGS).

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Nuclear magnetic resonance T2 time distributions can be used to distinguish DNAPL and water in subsurface soils. The figure shows four soil (sand) configurations with water and a dense nonaqueous phase liquid, trichloroethylene (TCE). In the case with water-wet sand pores filled with TCE (blue curve), one can see that the water component of the T2 distribution lies below 50 ms, whereas the TCE component lies above 50 ms. For comparison, measurements of the TCE-wet saturated sand (magenta) and the water-wet sand unsaturated (green) are shown. The peaks seen above 500 ms are due to components from bulk water and TCE fluids in voids in the soil packs.