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A Review of Multidimensional, Multifluid, Intermediate-Scale Experiments: Flow Behavior, Saturation Imaging, and Tracer Detection and Quantification

^a Environmental Technology Division, Pacific Northwest National Lab., P.O. Box 999, MS K9-33, Richland, WA 99352
^b Dep. of Agronomy and Soils, Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL 36849
^c Environmental Molecular Sciences Lab., Pacific Northwest National Lab., P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352

Correspondence: ^* Corresponding author (mart.oostrom{at}pnl.gov).

Received for publication 15 December 2006. A review is presented of original multidimensional, intermediate-scale experiments involving nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) flow behavior, imaging, and detection and quantification with solute tracers. In a companion paper (Oostrom et al., 2006a), experiments related to aqueous dissolution and enhanced remediation were discussed. The experiments investigating flow behavior include infiltration and redistribution experiments with both light and dense NAPLs in homogeneous and heterogeneous porous medium systems. The techniques used for NAPL saturation mapping for intermediate-scale experiments include photon-attenuation methods such as gamma and X-ray techniques, and photographic methods such as the light reflection, light transmission, and multispectral image analysis techniques. Solute tracer methods used for detection and quantification of NAPL in the subsurface are primarily limited to variations of techniques comparing the behavior of conservative and partitioning tracers. Besides a discussion of the experimental efforts, recommendations for future research at this laboratory scale are provided.

Abbreviations: AOI, area of interest • CT, carbon tetrachloride • DBP, dibutyl phthalate • DCA, 1,2-dichloroethane • DCM, dichloromethane • DNAPL. dense nonaqueous phase liquid • GPR, ground-penetration radar • LNAPL, light nonaqueous phase liquid • LRM, light reflection method • LTM, light transmission method • MIAM, multispectral image analysis method • NAPL, nonaqueous phase liquid • PCE, tetrachloroethene • RGB, red, green, and blue • STOMP, Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases • TCA, trichloroethane • TCE, trichloroethene